Within wild vertebrate populations, environmental variables have been linked to intraspecific variation in brain size, including seasonality, environmental severity, habitat complexity, and urbanization 3, 15, 21. Disproportionate changes in endocranial volume may significantly influence cognition and important sensory functions 16, 20. For example, domestic dogs show disproportionate decreases to the neocortex and olfactory bulb associated with a smaller endocranial volume (roughly 30%) compared to their wild counterparts. Changes in endocranial volume are not necessarily proportional across all brain structures 16, 17. These measurements are often correlated with social behaviors and other traits related to learning, memory, problem-solving, and behavioral flexibility 1, 4, 16 and may also influence traits directly related to fitness, including longevity and fecundity 6, 8. Measurements of endocranial volume provide a useful and widely used proxy for brain size 14, 15. The nature of this relationship has been poorly documented in carnivoran species, particularly those that are intensively managed and bred for reintroduction initiatives. Most frequently, the reported changes occurring in captivity have been related to a reduction in endocranial volume, which has been attributed to improper diets, socially and environmentally depauperate enclosures, or lack of stimulating enrichment activities 5, 12, 13. Within captive populations, endocranial volumes have been documented to increase, decrease, and in some cases show no discernable difference. Changes in endocranial volume may have significant consequences for the viability of a population 1, 5, 6. Given its intricate relationship with brain size and structure, endocranial volume has been linked to differences in behavior, performance, and fitness 2, 4. The relative endocranial volume of the vertebrate skull varies within and between populations of a species 1, 2, 3. We hypothesize that the increase in endocranial volume observed across captive generations may be related to the high-quality nutrition provided in captivity. We did not find a relationship between endocranial volume and either inbreeding or cranial musculature, although the captive population displayed an increase in the cross-sectional area of the masseter muscle. However, we did not detect a difference among captive, wild, and reintroduced groups, perhaps due to the variability across captive generations. Endocranial volume increased across captive generations. Here, we measured the endocranial volume of preserved Mexican wolf skulls across captive generations and between captive, wild, and reintroduced populations and assessed endocranial volume dependence on inbreeding and cranial musculature. Little is known about how changes in brain size progress in highly managed carnivoran populations and whether such traits are retained among reintroduced populations. Changes in brain size are associated with biological fitness, which may limit reintroduction success. Captive diets, for example, may differ in nutrition and texture, altering cranial musculature and alleviating constraints on cranial shape development. Start saving today by completing your search above and booking your ground transportation services at animals in captivity may display reduced brain sizes due to captive conditions and limited genetic diversity. We offer service every single day of the year 24 hours a day. Our company strives to serve our customers so they can enjoy the savings while being taken care of by our highly trained customer satisfaction agents. We offer a price guarantee and will match any other provider's prices. We provide car service, private and shared shuttle services, towncars, limo transportation, SUVs, and private 10 passenger vans. Once you complete your search, you will find the most price competitive transportation services for booking a service between Shuttle Lax To Anaheim in addition to viewing only pre-approved and highly rated ground transportation providers. Travelers love to search for private transportation between Shuttle Lax To Anaheim at to find the best and cheapest rates. We only offer the most reliable, complete, and affordable ground transportation services between Shuttle Lax To Anaheim. Shuttle Lax To Anaheim Transportation Services: Enter your search parameters above and click on the search button.
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